Automatický překlad

Někteří autoři textů či překladů mívají naspěch a vyznačují se přehnanou důvěrou ke strojovému překladu; vždyť přece stačí zkopírovat text do Google translator nebo jiného programu a trochu upravit! Ale je to skutečně jednodušší?
Pojďme si vyzkoušet, kolik práce nám dá úprava strojového překladu.

ORIGINÁL (PŘEVZATO Z WIKIPEDIE):
Technical
LucasArts and BioWare settled on developing Knights of the Old Republic for the PC and Xbox. The Xbox was chosen over other consoles because of BioWare's background of developing PC games and greater familiarity with the Xbox than other consoles: "We could do the things we wanted to do on the Xbox without as much effort as we'd need to do it on the PS2 orGameCube," Gallo said.[8] Other factors included the console's recent success and the opportunity to release one of the Xbox's first RPGs.[8] BioWare had previously developed MDK2 for the Dreamcast and PlayStation 2. Hudson said that "Having experience in developing for other consoles gave us the proper mindset for implementing this game on the Xbox, and, by comparison, the Xbox was relatively easy to develop for."[11]
Hudson did, however, note that there were some challenges during development. One of the difficulties was in deciding how much graphical detail to provide. "Since our games generally have a lot of AI and scripting, numerous character models, and huge environments, we stress the hardware in a very different way than most games," Hudson said.[11] This made it difficult to predict how well the game would run.[11] The game uses the Odyssey Engine, based on the Aurora Engine (previously developed by BioWare for use in Neverwinter Nights) but completely rewritten for Knights of the Old Republic.[8] It was highly detailed for its time: grass waves in the wind, dust blows across Tatooine and puffs of sand rise as the player walks across the seabed.[10]
Hudson noted that the differences between consoles and PCs mean that the graphics would have to be modified. "You typically play console games on a TV across the room while PC games are played on a monitor only inches away."[11]Console games put effort into close-up action and overall render quality; PC games emphasize what can be done with high resolutions and super-sharp textures. Hudson also noted that the difference between a game controller and mouse-and-keyboard setup influenced some design decisions.[11] The PC version features an extra location the player can visit and more NPCs, items and weapons; these additions were later made available on the Xbox version through Xbox Live. The PC version supports higher display resolutions (up to 1600x1200) and has higher-resolution textures.[12]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Knights_of_the_Old_Republic#Technical


STROJOVÝ PŘEKLAD

LucasArts a BioWare usadil na rozvoj Rytíři staré republiky pro PC a Xbox . Xbox byl vybrán po jiných konzolí , protože BioWare zázemí vývoje počítačové hry a větší obeznámenost s Xbox než jiné konzole : "Mohli bychom dělat to, co jsme chtěli dělat na Xbox , aniž by tolik úsilí, jak budeme potřebovat na to na PS2 orGameCube , " řekl Gallo . [ 8] Dalšími faktory byly nedávný úspěch konzole a příležitost k uvolnění jedné z prvních RPG Xbox je . [ 8] BioWare předtím vyvinuté MDK2 pro Dreamcast a PlayStation 2. Hudson řekl, že" Po zkušenostech ve vývoji na jiných konzolí nám dal správné myšlení pro provádění této hry na Xbox , a při srovnání,Xbox bylo relativně snadno vyvíjet . " [ 11]
Hudson se však na vědomí, že tam byly některé problémy v průběhu vývoje . Jedním z problémů je v rozhodování o tom, kolik grafický detail poskytnout . " Vzhledem k tomu, naše hry obecně mají hodně AI a skriptování , řady modelů postav , a obrovské prostředí , klademe důraz na hardware ve velmi odlišným způsobem , než většina her , " řekl Hudson . [ 11] To bylo obtížné předpovědět, jak dobře hra poběží . [ 11]hra využíváOdyssey Engine , na základě Aurora Engine ( dříve vyvinuté BioWare pro použití v Neverwinter Nights ), ale zcela přepracován pro rytíři staré republiky. [ 8] To bylo velmi podrobné na svou dobu : tráva vlny ve větru , prachu údery přes Tatooine a obláčky písku vzestupu jakohráč přejde na mořském dně [ 10 ] .
Hudson poznamenat, že rozdíly mezi konzolí a PC znamená, že grafika by musel být upraven . " Obvykle hrát konzolových her na televizi v místnosti, zatímco PC hry se hrají na monitoru jen pár centimetrů . " [ 11 ] konzolových her dát úsilí do close- up akce a celkově činí kvality ; PC hry zdůraznit to, co lze udělat s vysokým rozlišením a super- ostré textury . Hudson také poznamenal, žerozdíl mezi herní ovladač a myši a klávesnice nastavit ovlivnil některá rozhodnutí o návrhu [ 11]PC verze má navíc místohráč může navštívit a více NPC , předměty a zbraně . ; Tyto dodatky byly později k dispozici na Xbox verzi přes Xbox Live . PC verze podporuje vyšší rozlišení displeje ( až 1600x1200 ) a má textury s vyšším rozlišením . [ 12 ]

Paměť

Human Memory

Herman Ebbinghaus

Herman Ebbinghaus was the first to experimentally investigate the properties of human memory. Influenced by the British Empiricists, Ebbinghaus assumed that the process of committing something to memory involved the formation of new associations and that these associations would be strengthened through repetition. To observe this process, he devised a set of items to be committed to memory that would have no previous associations, the so-called nonsense syllables. These consist of a sequence of consonant, vowel, and consonant (CVC) that does not spell anything in one's language -- in English, CAJ would be an example. Ebbinghause constructed lists of perhaps 20 of these items and then proceded to memorize these lists systematically. He would read the first item, say it to himself, then go on to the next item, repeat it to himself, and so on, spending the same amount of time on each item. One complete run through the list constituted a single repetition. After some number of repetitions, Ebbinghaus would attempt to recall the items on the list. It turned out that his ability to recall the items improved as the number of repetitions went up, rapidly at first and then more slowly, until finally the list was mastered. This was the world's first learning curve.
To test retention, Ebbinghaus practiced a list until he was able to repeat the items correctly two times in a row. He then waited varying lengths of time before testing himself again. Forgetting turned out to occur most rapidly soon after the end of practice, but the rate of forgetting slowed as time went on and fewer items could be recalled. This curve represented the the first forgetting curve.
One of the important memory phenomena discovered by Ebbinghaus is the overlearning effect. You can of course continue to practice memorizing a list beyond that required to produce two perfect recalls. For example, if it required 10 repetitions to memorize the list, then you might continue for an additional ten repetitions -- this would be "100% overlearning." The effect of overlearning is to make the information more resistant to disruption or loss. For example, the forgetting curve for overlearned material is shallower, requiring more time to forget a given amount of the material.
Ebbinghaus invented several tests of retention, as listed and described below:

• Recall -- simply try to remember each item. Ebbinghaus used two types of recall task:
  • Free recall -- attempt to recall the list items; order is not important.
  • Serial recall -- attempt to recall the list items in the order studied.
• Recollection -- given a large list of CVS's try to recognize which of them had been on the list studied. This technique is more sensitive test of memory than recall; a person may be able to recognize an item that he or she could not recall.
• Savings -- rememorize the list (usually used after a long retention interval, when neither recall nor recognition produce much evidence of prior learning). Compare the number of repetitions required to learn the list the first time to the number required the second time. A handy measure is percent savings. For example, if it required 20 trials to memorize the list, and only 10 trials to rememorize it, then this represents 50% savings. Savings is the most sensitive test of memory, as it will indicate some residual effect of previous learning even when recall and recognition do not.

Ebbinghaus was the first to discover the serial position curve -- the relation between the serial position of an item (its place in the list) and the ability to recall it. Items near the beginning of the list are easier to recall than those in the middle (the primacy effect). Those near the end of the list are also earier to recall than those in the middle (the recency effect.) These two effects together yield a curve that is roughly U - shaped.
The normal serial position curve shows that items in the middle of a list are the most difficult to commit to memory. However, this disadvantage can be reduced or eliminated by making the item distinctive, so that it stands out from the other middle-list items. For example, the item could be printed in red when the rest of the items are printed in black. The contrasting color draws attention to the item, and it receives more processing. Consequently, it is memorized more easily than its mere serial position would dictate. In addition, items on either side of the distinctive item may also benefit somewhat. The improved memory for distinctive items in the middle of a list is known as the Von Restorff effect, after its discoverer.

http://users.ipfw.edu/abbott/120/Ebbinghaus.html


Odborný text vyžaduje velkou hustotu informací - angličtina proto často zkracuje věty použitím infinitivů a participií.
Například:

Ebbinghaus was the first to experimentally investigate...

Influenced by the British Empiricists, Ebbinghaus assumed...

these associations would be strengthened through repetition...

He would read the first item,...

To observe this process, he devised...

To test retention, Ebbinghaus practiced...

Jak byste tyto věty přeložili?

Jaký význam má modální sloveso would v tomto kontextu?

Anatomie mozku

Brain

The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem (Fig. 3).

Figure 3. The brain is composed of three parts: the brainstem, cerebellum, and cerebrum.
The cerebrum is divided into four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.

• The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
  
• The cerebellum is located under the cerebrum. Its function is to coordinate muscle movements, maintain posture, and balance.
  
• The brainstem includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla. It acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord. It performs many automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing. Ten of the twelve cranial nerves originate in the brainstem.

The surface of the cerebrum has a folded appearance called the cortex. The cortex contains about 70% of the 100 billion nerve cells. The nerve cell bodies color the cortex grey-brown giving it its name – gray matter (Fig. 4). Beneath the cortex are long connecting fibers between neurons, called axons, which make up the white matter.

Figure 4. The surface of the cerebrum is called the cortex. The cortex contains neurons (grey matter), which are interconnected to other brain areas by axons (white matter). The cortex has a folded appearance. A fold is called a gyrus and the groove between is a sulcus.

The folding of the cortex increases the brain’s surface area allowing more neurons to fit inside the skull and enabling higher functions. Each fold is called a gyrus, and each groove between folds is called a sulcus. There are names for the folds and grooves that help define specific brain regions.

Right brain – left brain

The right and left hemispheres of the brain are joined by a bundle of fibers called the corpus callosum that delivers messages from one side to the other. Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body. If a brain tumor is located on the right side of the brain, your left arm or leg may be weak or paralyzed.

Not all functions of the hemispheres are shared. In general, the left hemisphere controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing. The right hemisphere controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills. The left hemisphere is dominant in hand use and language in about 92% of people.

Lobes of the brain

The cerebral hemispheres have distinct fissures, which divide the brain into lobes. Each hemisphere has 4 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital (Fig 3). Each lobe may be divided, once again, into areas that serve very specific functions. It’s important to understand that each lobe of the brain does not function alone. There are very complex relationships between the lobes of the brain and between the right and left hemispheres.

Frontal lobe

Personality, behavior, emotions

Judgment, planning, problem solving

Speech: speaking and writing (Broca’s area)

Body movement (motor strip)

Intelligence, concentration, self awareness

Parietal lobe

• Interprets language, words
• Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip)
• Interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory and memory
• Spatial and visual perception

Occipital lobe

• Interprets vision (color, light, movement)

Temporal lobe

• Understanding language (Wernicke’s area)
• Memory
• Hearing
• Sequencing and organization

Messages within the brain are carried along pathways. Messages can travel from one gyrus to another, from one lobe to another, from one side of the brain to the other, and to structures found deep in the brain (e.g. thalamus, hypothalamus).

Deep structures

Hypothalamus - is located in the floor of the third ventricle and is the master control of the autonomic system. It plays a role in controlling behaviors such as hunger, thirst, sleep, and sexual response. It also regulates body temperature, blood pressure, emotions, and secretion of hormones.

Pituitary gland - lies in a small pocket of bone at the skull base called the sella turcica. The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus of the brain by the pituitary stalk. Known as the “master gland,” it controls other endocrine glands in the body. It secretes hormones that control sexual development, promote bone and muscle growth, respond to stress, and fight disease.

Pineal gland - is located behind the third ventricle. It helps regulate the body’s internal clock and circadian rhythms by secreting melatonin. It has some role in sexual development.

Thalamus - serves as a relay station for almost all information that comes and goes to the cortex (Fig. 5). It plays a role in pain sensation, attention, alertness and memory.

Figure 5. Coronal cross-section showing the basal ganglia.

Basal ganglia - includes the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus. These nuclei work with the cerebellum to coordinate fine motions, such as fingertip movements.

Limbic system - is the center of our emotions, learning, and memory. Included in this system are the cingulate gyri, hypothalamus, amygdala (emotional reactions) and hippocampus (memory).

Cranial nerves

The brain communicates with the body through the spinal cord and twelve pairs of cranial nerves (Fig. 6). Ten of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves that control hearing, eye movement, facial sensations, taste, swallowing and movement of the face, neck, shoulder and tongue muscles originate in the brainstem. The cranial nerves for smell and vision originate in the cerebrum.

Figure 6. The Roman numeral, name, and main function of the twelve cranial nerves.

Number	Name	Function
I	olfactory	smell
II	optic	sight
III	oculomotor	moves eye, pupil
IV	trochlear	moves eye
V	trigeminal	face sensation
VI	abducens	moves eye
VII	facial	moves face, salivate
VIII	vestibulocochlear	hearing, balance
IX	glossopharyngeal	taste, swallow
X	vagus	heart rate, digestion
XI	accessory	moves head
XII	hypoglossal	moves tongue

Meninges

The brain and spinal cord are covered and protected by three layers of tissue called meninges. From the outermost layer inward they are: the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

The dura mater is a strong, thick membrane that closely lines the inside of the skull; its two layers, the periosteal and meningeal dura, are fused and separate only to form venous sinuses. The dura creates little folds or compartments. There are two special dural folds, the falx and the tentorium. The falx separates the right and left hemispheres of the brain and the tentorium separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.

The arachnoid mater is a thin, web-like membrane that covers the entire brain. The arachnoid is made of elastic tissue. The space between the dura and arachnoid membranes is called the subdural space.

The pia mater hugs the surface of the brain following its folds and grooves. The pia mater has many blood vessels that reach deep into the brain. The space between the arachnoid and pia is called the subarachnoid space. It is here where the cerebrospinal fluid bathes and cushions the brain.

Ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid

The brain has hollow fluid-filled cavities called ventricles (Fig. 7). Inside the ventricles is a ribbon-like structure called the choroid plexus that makes clear colorless cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF flows within and around the brain and spinal cord to help cushion it from injury. This circulating fluid is constantly being absorbed and replenished.

Figure 7. CSF is produced inside the ventricles deep within the brain. CSF fluid circulates inside the brain and spinal cord and then outside to the subarachnoid space. Common sites of obstruction: 1) foramen of Monro, 2) aqueduct of Sylvius, and 3) obex.

There are two ventricles deep within the cerebral hemispheres called the lateral ventricles. They both connect with the third ventricle through a separate opening called the foramen of Monro. The third ventricle connects with the fourth ventricle through a long narrow tube called the aqueduct of Sylvius. From the fourth ventricle, CSF flows into the subarachnoid space where it bathes and cushions the brain. CSF is recycled (or absorbed) by special structures in the superior sagittal sinus called arachnoid villi.

A balance is maintained between the amount of CSF that is absorbed and the amount that is produced. A disruption or blockage in the system can cause a build up of CSF, which can cause enlargement of the ventricles (hydrocephalus) or cause a collection of fluid in the spinal cord (syringomyelia).

http://www.mayfieldclinic.com/PE-AnatBrain.htm#.VFvGezSG8So

Úřední dokument

Stáhněte si z capsy dokument OsvedceniOshode.pdf.

Ichtyologie pro veřejnost

Dnes se ocitneme v roli experta, který připravuje české titulky k filmovému dokumentu National Geographic. Naštěstí máme k dispozici i přepis originálního textu. Naším cílem je tedy překlad odborně správný a zároveň srozumitelný a vyslovovatelný - aby se dal snadno dabovat a aby posluchač neztrácel nit.

Nejprve si pusťte video, poslouchejte a sledujte, zda přepis souhlasí.

Poté identifikujte klíčová slova a termíny, ověřte si český překlad a pusťte se do vytváření vlastního textu. Každé souvětí si zkuste přečíst nahlas s videem!

http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/transparent-fish-video-vin

NEWS

Fish With Transparent Head Filmed

 

DEEP SEAFISH

For the first time, a live Pacific barreleye fish—complete with transparent head—has been caught on video. The deep-sea fish's tubular eyes pivot under a clear dome. --Published February 24, 2009

Transcript

Photographed 2,000 feet deep in the Pacific Ocean off the California coast, the Macropinna microstoma, known as the barreleye fish, is small and dark with large fins, a tiny mouth, and unusual ‘barrel’ eyes under a transparent dome.

The two green spheres in the video are the lenses of its tubular eyes.

The eyes are enclosed within the transparent shield… sort of like the glass canopy of a jet fighter.

Above the mouth, the two dark capsules that appear to be eyes, actually contain the fish’s olfactory organs, or the equivalent of nostrils.

Typically the barreleye sits quietly in the water, using its big fins for stability while it scans the water above for food.

When it spots food, it can rotate its eyes to look forward to include its mouth in the field of view.

Scientists speculate that the barreleye steals food from siphonophores-- elongated jellies with tentacles that capture prey that swims into them. They believe the barreleye swims into the tentacles and steals the food from the siphonophore.

The shield over its eyes protects them from the stinging cells of the siphonophore’s tentacles.

The barreleye can also rotate its eyes to avoid predators, or avoid being captured by scientists.

The fish, discovered alive by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, is the first specimen of its kind to be found with its soft transparent dome intact.

It had been known since 1939—but only from mangled specimens dragged to the surface by nets.

Video courtesy Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute


Česká verze pro inspiraci

Jak na to?

Odborný překlad vyžaduje především pečlivost, přesnost a časné ověřování. Několik pravidel nám v začátcích pomůže vyvarovat se nejzávažnějších chyb:

1. Nejprve se podrobně seznámíme s tématem překladu, nastudujeme odbornou literaturu; na internetu vyhledáme aktuální, profesionálně přeložené či původní české materiály podobného typu. Vyhýbáme se neověřeným, amatérským textům.
2. Pokud je to možné, kontaktujeme odborníka a požádáme ho o konzultaci, případně závěrečnou revizi překladu.
3. Vyrobíme si slovníček odborných termínů; jejich českou verzi pečlivě ověřujeme v literatuře i na kvalitních, odborných IT stránkách.
4. Od první verze překladu dbáme jak na obsahovou, tak jazykovou správnost a logiku textu.

Nikdo nedokáže srozumitelně přeložit text, kterému sám nerozumí!

Přeložte uvedené dvě stránky z fotografického manuálu a svou verzi překladu vložte do komentáře k tomuto blogu (termín - 28.9.2014).