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http://www.national-geographic.cz/clanky/jak-se-stat-neviditelnym-zvirata-umi-menit-barvu-predstirat-nekoho-jineho-ale-staci-i-dobre-geny.html#.VhJSO-ztlHw
3.
http://www.janegoodall.org.au/similaities-to-people/
Similarities to People
Chimpanzees and humans differ by only 1.7% of DNA!
Consequently, we have striking similarities in the blood composition and immune responses. In fact, biologically, chimpanzees are more closely related to humans than they are to gorillas! Some scientists have even proposed including chimpanzees in the same genus as human beings to recognize these similarities, calling them Homo troglodytes.
Intelligence
The anatomy of the chimpanzee brain and central nervous system is startlingly similar to our own. Thus it should not surprise us that the chimpanzee (along with gorilla and bonobo) is capable of intellectual performances once thought unique to humans! In the wild, chimps must constantly make decisions, such as which group they should join or whether to be peaceful or aggressive. Moreover, they are capable of sophisticated cooperation in hunting. They use more tools for more purposes than any other creatures except ourselves.
Communication
In captivity chimpanzees can be taught human languages such as American Sign Language (ASL), learning 300 or more signs and can master many complex skills on the computer. It has been demonstrated that chimpanzees are capable of reasoned thought, abstraction, generalization, symbolic representation and have a concept of self. Although it is difficult to quantify emotions, those who have worked closely with chimpanzees agree that they feel and express emotions such as sadness and happiness, fear and despair - and they know mental as well as physical pain. There are uncanny similarities in the nonverbal communication patterns of chimps and humans - kissing, embracing, patting on the back, touching hands, tickling, swaggering, shaking the first, brandishing sticks, hurling rocks.
Childhood
Chimps, like people, have a long childhood - five years of suckling and sleeping in their mothers' nests at night. After the birth of a new baby, an older child remains emotionally dependent on its mother and continues to travel with her for the next three to four years. Bonds formed between mother and offspring and between siblings during this intense association period are likely to persist throughout life. This long childhood is as important for the chimp as for the human child. Due to the chimp's fascination with the behavior of others and ability to imitate and practice observed actions, behavioural patterns are passed down from one generation to the next.
When a mother dies her orphaned offspring may be unable to survive. The orphan shows signs of clinical depression, and feeding and play activities decline. Older siblings, including males, often adopt their orphaned brothers or sisters. Occasionally individuals adopt infants not related to them - suggesting altruistic behavior.
Biological Make-up
The biological composition of chimpanzees is so similar to our own that they can catch or be infected with all known human infectious diseases (with the possible exception of cholera). This is why they are used in medical research. Increasingly, researchers are finding that the similarities in behavior, intellectual performance and emotions are equally as striking. This will hopefully lead to improved medical research lab conditions. Ultimately, we hope it will no longer be considered ethical to use them at all.
Significant Differences
Jane Goodall's study of chimpanzees not only points to striking similarities between humans and chimpanzees but to the differences. Perhaps the most significant of these is the fact that chimpanzees have not developed spoken language. Humans can teach their infants about things or events not present, share knowledge of the distant past, make plans for the distant future, discuss an idea so that it grows as a result of the accumulated wisdom of the group. The fact that chimpanzees can learn from humans, to communicate using human languages such as ASL or computers does not minimize this difference. It is our language that has enabled our species to become so dependent on culturally transmitted behavior. Our intellect dwarfs that of even the most gifted chimpanzee. There are, of course, very many physical differences as well. One is in the structure of the vocal tract, as mentioned. Chimpanzees have not developed the upright posture of humans. The anatomy of our hands and feet is also very different.
So Like Us
The structure of the chimpanzee brain is startlingly similar to that of the human."
--Jane Goodall
Many aspects of chimpanzee behavior and social relations, emotional expression and needs, and intellectual abilities are similar to humans. There are, in particular, close parallels between the chimpanzee infant and the human child. Both have the capacity for endless romping and play, are highly curious, learn by observation and imitation, and above all, need constant reassurance and attention. Most importantly, affectionate physical contact is essential for healthy development.
Various mental traits once regarded as unique to humans have now been demonstrated in chimpanzees; reasoned thought, abstraction, generalization, symbolic representation, and a concept of self. Non-verbal communication includes hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and tickling. Many of their emotions, such as joy and sadness, fear and despair, are similar to or the same as our own. The longer-term studies of chimpanzee behavior in the field (at Gombe and Mahale Mountains national parks in Tanzania, Budongo Forest and Kabale Forest in Uganda, Tai Forest in Cote d'Ivoire and forests in Guinea) have taught us not only a great deal about the chimpanzee's place in nature, but of our own.
Once we admit that we are not the only beings with personality, reasoned thought, and above all, the ability to feel and express emotions such as joy, despair and empathy, then we develop a new respect for chimpanzees. The line between human and other non-human beings, once thought so sharp, becomes blurred. This allows us to appreciate and respect all the other amazing animal beings with whom we share the planet.
Blurring the Line
From her very first days at Gombe through to the present time, Jane Goodall refers to the chimpanzees not by numbers but by name. Her first manuscript presented for publication in a scientific journal was returned with editorial comments which contested this methodology. Wherever Jane had written "he," "she" or "who" in reference to a chimpanzee it had been replaced with "it" or "which". Jane was furious, and crossed out every "it" and "which." That was Jane's first battle with conventional science - and she won.
Jane also shocked ethologists (scientists who study animal behavior) by describing the chimpanzees' personalities, by talking about their ability to reason and most controversial by describing their emotions. All of this was considered anthropomorphic and unacceptable. Jane's study emphasized the importance of individuality and the unique contribution of each individual to the pack. The study has also served to blur the line, once thought so sharp, between humans and the rest of the animal kingdom.
This study, now supported by many others provides compelling evidence for personality differences, rational thought and problem solving abilities, mental powers of abstraction and generalization, concept of self, ability to understand the moods and needs of others, and empathy amongst chimpanzees. Moreover, chimpanzees have emotions such as joy and sorrow, fear and despair, and can experience mental as well as physical suffering.
References
Among the Wild Chimpanzees. Jane Goodall. Videocassette. National Geographic Society, 1984.
Goodall, Jane. The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior. Boston: Bellknap Press of the Harvard University Press, 1990.
Goodall, Jane. Through a Window. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1990.
Reference:
https://is.muni.cz/th/78389/prif_m/Barvomena_zivocichu__dipl_.pdf
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